MPJBT


 * Company's Name (the one you represent)**


 * Group Members:**

1.Norrasidah bt Abdullah 2.Loh Bee Ching 3.Loi Teck Pei 4.Ngi Sin Yee 5.Chou Ching Chie

**Company Overview (refer to the company's website):**


 * BACKGROUND**

In brief, the early history of Johor Bahru Tengah Municipal Council began with the establishment of 8 Local Councils during the 60s which was under the Town Board Enactment 118. Due to the residents’ growth and increase in asset, on March 1st, 1978 Johor Bahru Tengah Municipal was formed under the Local Government Act 1976 (Act 171) that covered areas of 104.7 km2 with total residents of 150,000 people.

From this continuous growth, in year 1995, the Johor Bahru Tengah Municipal's administration areas had been widen up to 303.48 km2 with total asset increased to 98,515 units and the number of residents increased by 500,000 people.

**MPJBT'S MISSION** A leading organisation in continuous development which functions in line with clients’ needs.


 * MPJBT'S VISSION **

To be an authority responsible in establishing an organised, cultured, beautiful and prosperous township.

** OBJECTIVE ** 1. Plan and control development in creating a peaceful City. 2. Ensuring that rules and regulations are equally and wisely enforced. 3. Prepare a complete and organized social facility in producing a community with a healthy culture. 4. Produce an informational and innovative organization. 5. Practice a People Friendly (Mesra Rakyat) management.


 * Company Services (refer to the company's website): **

There are many services that MPJBT provided such as:

1) Waste management. (such as manage the rubbish)

2) Asset such as building renovation, asset information search, remission application, selling of blue Print and asset ownership transfer

3) License services such as billboard license, business license, bunting license, temporary license (Promotion, Expo, Ramadan Bazaar, Festive, Concert, and Circus), Hawker License (Road Side Stall, Wheeled Stall and Motorized Wheeled Stall)

4) Asset Tax such as decrease of tax rate for Malay reserve areas, asset tax, asset tax objection and asset tax rate.

5) Public services such as public report, car park and road closure.

6) E-Services such as e-payment, e-taxes and e-Jawab.


 * Client: **

The client that MPJBT responsible is wide which includes all the residents in the middle of Johor.


 * Current Responsibilities: **


 * Plan and control development in creating a peaceful City.
 * Ensuring that rules and regulations are equally and wisely enforced.
 * Prepare a complete and organized social facility in producing a community with a healthy culture.
 * Managing source of income, finance, and council financial budget report.
 * Act as general maintenance functions for all urban area's infrastructure.
 * Waste removal and management of the waste in public area to protect the cleanliness of the environment.
 * Conduct analysis and research of the possibility to solve the information process and management so that can provide efficient management.
 * Processing application for the park names, road names, residential no. and identifying planning data.
 * Processing and producing newly licenses and billboards for various business licenses.


 * TRIP REPORT**

As the students of the UHB 3042, Section 09, you are required to conduct an assignment about finding out the effective ways for solving the uncollected garbage problem at Taman University after you receive information from MPJBT. Therefore, you all required visiting another municipal council at different states to acquire more information about your task. When you return, you are expected to write a trip report documenting your activities. Write a 2-3 pages of the report based on the situation given.

TO: MPJBT, Miss Shazwani Abd Rahman

FROM: Norrasidah bt Abdullah, students of UHB 3042, Section 09

DATE: April 17, 2012

SUBJECT: Trip Report: Visit to Municipal Council of Penang Island (MPPP)


 * 1.0 ** ** INTRODUCTION **

1.1 Purpose On Friday, 6 April 2012, I attended Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang's meeting that held in Pulau Pinang. Ours goal was as following:

a. to investigate the reasons leading to poor waste management in Pulau Pinang.

b. to evaluate the impacts of poor waste management in Pulau Pinang.

c. to find out the most effective ways to solve the uncollecting garbage in residential areas in Pulau Pinang.

1.2 Participants The participants involved in this trip are Loh Bee Ching, Ngi Sin Yee, Loi Teck Pei and Chou Ching Chie

** 2.0 DISCUSSION ** ** 2.1 Background of MPPP ** The Municipal Council of Penang Island (MPPP) administers an area of approximately 299.65 square kilometers with a multi-racial population of about 660,000. MPPP was established on 15 December 1976 under the Local Government Act, 1976. The Council is an organization that provides local government services on the island. The Council's activities and operation have direct bearing on the quality of life of the people.

During visiting MPPP, we had conducted an interview with the representative from MPPP, Miss Suilaman Binti Mohamed who is an officer from Waste Management Department. The purposes we conducted the interview are intended to find out the effective ways to collect the garbage in their state and how to make sure that the residents are free from the problem of uncollected garbage. From the interview session, the representative suggested that the Council can reschedule the timetable of collecting garbage mean that more frequent to collect the garbage in the residential areas in one week. Besides, put more dustbins in the residential areas and employ supervisor to supervise the workers so that the workers will do their works properly and more seriously. Last but not least, the representative suggested that the Council can set the regulations or rules to the public so that they would not dumping garbage illegally and disposing garbage in public areas and also give punishments to them for those who failed comply with the rules. This interview session took around half hour and we also had the opportunity to visit their building.
 * 2.2 Findings**

During my group members and I visited this Council, we met one difficulty that was time limitations for us to interview the representative since she was busy with her work and had an important meeting at that time.
 * 2.3 Limitation**


 * 3.0 ** ** CONCLUSION **

Every meeting that we attended was beneficial to us. There are a few benefits that we get through this interview especially methods of solving uncollected garbage. For example, Council can try to schedule the timetable for collecting garbage so that garbage can be collected more frequently in a week, put more dustbins in residential areas so that residents can easily find a dustbin when they need it, employ supervisor to supervise the workers so that the workers will do their works in proper way and also setting the regulations or rules to the public so that they would not dumping garbage illegally and disposing garbage in public areas. Punishments can also be given to those who failed comply with the rules.

The other benefits includes: MPJBT can use the same ways as MPPP do in solving their problem. This can benefit residents because with the knowledge of effective ways that we gained from this interview, the problem of uncollected garbage in Taman University can be solved most probably. And this can result clean environment there, residents will be able to live in a healthy life. Besides, after solving the problem of uncollected garbage, it can bring a good image for Taman University as a clean area in Johor Bahru.


 * 4.0 ** ** RECOMMENDATION **

Our groups concurrently agreed that set the regulations or rules to public and adopt the punishment or penalty for those who are failed to comply the rules and regulations is most effective ways in waste management because every people are afraid with the punishment. Thus, they would not throwing garbage illegally in public areas.


 * LONG FORMAL REPORT**

Table of Contents
 * ABSTRACT **
 * ||||< Title ||< Pages ||
 * <  ||||< Title Page ||< xx ||
 * <  ||||< Abstract ||< xx ||
 * <  ||||< Table of Contents ||< xx ||
 * <  ||||< List of Appendixes ||< xx ||
 * < 1.0 ||||< INTRODUCTION ||< xx ||
 * <  ||||< 1.1 Purpose ||< xx ||
 * <  ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.2 Background of MPJBT ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1.3 MPJBT’s Services ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * ||  || 1.4 The Importance of Having Systematic Approach of Collecting Garbage || <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * < <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">2.0 ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">LITERATURE REVIEW ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< 2.1 Definition of Waste Management ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< 2.2 Framework Use in Waste Management ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< 2.3 Benefits of Having Effective Waste Management ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< 2.4 Waste Management in Australia ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< 2.5 Waste Management in India ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * < <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">3.0 ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">METHODOLODY ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">3.1 Introduction ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">3.2 Respondents of the Study ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">3.3 Research Instruments Used ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">3.4 Research Procedure ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">3.5Data Analysis ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">3.6 Conclusion ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * < <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">4.0 ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIO <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">N ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4.1 Problem Arises in Taman University ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4.2 Effect/ Reason ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4.3 Effective ways ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||<   ||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4.3.1 Reschedule the Timetable of Collecting Garbage ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||<   ||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4.3.2 Put More Dustbins ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||<   ||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4.3.3 Employ a Supervisor to Supervise the Workers ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||<   ||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4.3.4 Punishment/Penalty ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * < <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">5.0 ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">ANALYSIS ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * < <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">6.0 ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">CONCLUSIONS ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * < <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">7.0 ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">RECOMMENDATION ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Reference ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx ||
 * <  ||||< <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Appendixes

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 15px;">A: Questionnaire <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 15px;">B: Results of Questionnaire <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 15px;">C: Schedules of Collecting Garbage ||< <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: center;">xx <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: center;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: center;">xx <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: center;">xx <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 15px; text-align: center;">xx ||


 * 1.0 INTRODUCTION **

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">**1.1** **Purpose** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">The purpose of our study is to suggest the effective ways of collecting garbage in Taman University to MPJBT in order to solve their problem effectively.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">**1.2** **Background of MPJBT**

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">According to the history, Johor Bahru Tengah Municipal Council began with the establishment of eight Local Councils during the 60s which was under the Town Board Enactment 118. Due to the residents’ growth and increase in asset, on March 1st, 1978 Johor Bahru Tengah Municipal was formed under the Local Government Act 1976 (Act 171) that covered areas of 104.7 km2 with total residents of 150,000 people. From this continuous growth, in year 1995, the Johor Bahru Tengah Municipal's administration areas had been widen up to 303.48 km2 with total asset i ncreased to 98,515 units and the number of residents increased by 500,000 people.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">**1.3** **MPJBT’s Services**

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">There are many services that MPJBT provided such as: <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">1) Waste management. (such as manage the rubbish) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">2) Asset such as building renovation, asset information search, remission application, selling of blue Print and asset ownership transfer <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">3) License services such as billboard license, business license, bunting license, temporary license (Promotion, Expo, Ramadan Bazaar, Festive, Concert, and Circus), Hawker License (Road Side Stall, Wheeled Stall and Motorized Wheeled Stall) <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">4) Asset Tax such as decrease of tax rate for Malay reserve areas, asset tax, asset tax objection and asset tax rate.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">5) Public services such as public report, car park and road closure. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">6) E-Services such as e-payment, e-taxes and e-Jawab.


 * 1.4 **** The Importance of Having Systematic Approach of Collecting Garbage **

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">It is importance to have proper waste disposal to both rural and urban areas in order to prevent polluted environment. Effective waste management strategies assist in minimizing or avoiding adverse impacts on the environment and human health, while allowing economic development and improvement in the quality of life. Waste collection and managements should be taken seriously. Commercial waste should be collected and disposed off appropriately to keep the surrounding immaculately clean. Any waste produced by an individual or the organization needs to be collected and disposed. Every individual and organization has a ‘duty of care’ to ensure a safer, greener environment. The hazardous waste generated can wreak havoc on your health and the environment of course. Therefore, waste should be disposed in an environmentally friendly. The aims of waste management are to:
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">conserve resources of water, energy, raw materials and nutrients
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">control pollution of land, air, water and sediment
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">enhance business perf ormance and maintain corporate social responsibility
 * <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Improve occupational health and safety.


 * 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW **

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">This study will focus on the effective ways of construction waste management in two different countries which are Australia and India. Before conducting more in-depth study on this topic, a brief review will cover about the definition of waste management. Next is the framework that is use in waste management and the benefits of having waste management.

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.1 Definition of Waste Management ** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">According to Bilitewski et al. (1994) and Gilpin (1996) waste management encompasses collection, transporting, storage, treatment, recovery and disposal of waste, and is defined as a comprehensive, integrated, and rational system approach towards achievement and maintenance of acceptable environmental quality and support of sustainable development. In addition, Minks (1994) regarded waste management as a tool for controlling disposal costs of construction waste, as well as facilitating examination of other alternative disposal methods such as recycling and reusing in order to reduce waste that finally results in landfills. The European Environment Information and Observation Network (EIO NET) also defined waste management plan as a “strategic document drawn up for achieving the objectives of waste management and waste prevention and recovery”, adding a limitation of the environmental impact of waste on human health and the environment (European Environment Information and Observation Network (EIONET), 2006). **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.2 Framework Use in Waste Management ** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">The waste management hierarchy developed by El-Haggar (2007) is a useful framework and serves effectively as a guide while developing waste management plans. The framework works for providing an integrated approach in which options of waste management can be considered and thus serves as a systematic tool for those who generate and manage waste. There are five major steps in the structure: <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">(1) Reduce. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">(2) Reuse. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">(3) Recycle.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">(4) Recover. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">(5) Disposal. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.3 Benefits of Having Effective Waste Management ** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">When waste management is properly implemented based on the framework, it can generate various benefits through the whole lifecycle of the waste from its generation to its final disposal. According to El-Haggar (2007), proper construction waste management will provide economic benefits by decreasing the cost of the project through proper implementation of a waste management plan. Apart from economic benefits, waste management may positively contribute to the cost saving and profit maximization, reduced demand for landfill spaces, improved resources management and image and finally productivity and quality improvement.

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cost saving and profit maximization ** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">An increased emphasis on waste reduction, reuse and recycling may produce favorable outcomes such as cost saving. Unnecessary purchase of new construction materials that may be substituted by reused or recycled ones results in additional costs. In addition, generating less waste from construction projects results in reduction in disposal costs and landfill charges; eventually cutting down the total project costs. Furthermore, t he cost saving, in turn, can maximize profit. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Reduced demand for landfill spaces ** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Minimizing the amount of waste sent to landfills for disposal can lead to less demand for landfill and reduction of negative environmental effects such as noise, pollution effects of landfill as well as emission and residues from incinerators. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Improved resource management ** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Waste management also involves planning and control of resources committed to projects in order to control the amount of waste generated. Therefore, better control of resources may be achieved with reduction in waste as well as improvement of entire resource management performance. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Image improvement ** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Implementing waste management as a company policy may allow companies to enhance their public images as “environmental-friendly companies” enhancing their impression on clients. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Productivity and qu ****<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">ality improvement ** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Productivity can be improved by avoiding delays caused by reordering and repurchasing of materials that have been wasted once. By selecting material of good quality and durability, significant amount of waste generation caused by replacement of poor quality material during the life cycle of facilities can be avoided. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.4 Waste Management in Australia ** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">According to Graham et al. (2003), much of the waste stream going to landfill consists of solid waste from the construction and demolition of buildings. Waste minimization strategies have been popular for some time in the construction industry. Embodied energy represents 10-40 times the annual operational energy of most Australian residential buildings, depending upon building design, climate construction systems, equipment type, fuel sources and building usage patterns. Each year in Australia, the embodied energy used in construction is approximately equal to the annual operational energy of the built stock, and together they make up 30-40 per cent of national energy use and greenhouse gas emissions. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">There is now a greater emphasis being placed upon the building industry to be environmental friendly. The industry must consider the positive aspects of a waste management plan and give it the same importance as other management plans. However, the authors argue that a comprehensive waste and recycling minimization plan should be inclusive of all phases of the building life cycle, and be in the context of the entire economy, considering closed and open-loop recycling potential. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Waste management strategies have been suggested to reduce the waste at the addressed sources. One of the steps of reducing waste is through the reuse of sec ond-hand materials and throughout the use of materials with recycled content. Based on actual costs of second-hand materials and estimates of the embodied energy savings, it was found that the cost savings could total 40 per cent of the building price, while the embodied energy savings could be as high as 70 per cent of the total embodied energy of the building. In countries with cheaper labor, the savings could be even greater. Other strategies worthy of consideration include sourcing of materials which are optimal in total life cycle terms for the building, in terms of initial embodied energy, long life, thermal performance, low maintenance and other performance issues. At the whole building level, building maintenance seems to be the best way to ensure that the total environmental impact of the built environment is minimized. Thoughtful renovation, when eventually required, can improve performance using low environmental impact materials which may have recycled content from other industries. The retained materials can be considered to be recycled in site. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.5 Waste Management in India ** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">India is a growing economy and this growth has brought with it a significant boost in construction activities. In India the current annual investment in construction is around $70 billion, with an identified need for an additional $50 billion and a projected annual growth rate of 15 per cent (Arif et al., 2009b). With the amount of construction activities taking place in India, it is important to assess the amount of construction waste being generated and analyse the practices needed to handle waste in order to propose a greener construction approach (Arif et al., 2009a). The total solid waste generated in India is about 960 million tonnes of which the construction waste is 14.5 million tonnes (Pappu et al., 2007). However, this number is misleading since this only includes the waste that is properly disposed and accounted for (Talyan et al., 2008); there is also the practice of dumping construction waste by the roadside or on an empty plot of land and never documenting it.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Waste management practices in the Indian construction sector include techniques such as standardization of design, recycling and disposal planning, use of off-site construction, a more elaborate waste monitoring process, just in time delivery, and use of reverse logistics. Arif et al. (2009b) have highlighted these techniques as effective building blocks towards the implementation of waste management in construction. Other authors such as Dainty and Brooke (2004), Sarkis (1998), Tam et al. (2003), Baldwin et al. (2008) and Shen et al. (2009) have supported the implementation of these techniques as effective building blocks of an efficient waste management process in construction. Still one practice that was found missing was the use of tender premiums and other incentives for minimization of the waste. Incentivisation of contractors could act as an effective motivation in the implementation of waste management in India. This has been proven to be true for other countries and is a worthwhile opportunity to exploit (Teo and Loosemore, 2001). Other that, the awareness of waste minimization is growing, practices such as on-site compactors, on-site waste segregation, waste quantification and auditing, the 3R practices are becoming popular but they have a long way to go. Beside that, some drivers that could facilitate the implementation of waste minimization on construction site are proper training or site staff, push from the client, and the enforcement of various laws by the government and regulatory bodies. Just having laws without an effective mechanism of implementation would not be helpful in India (Arif et al., 2009a).

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">One of the key findings was that client preference and enforcement of existing laws could actually facilitate the implementation of waste minimization effectively. Some of the practices being followed, and which are gaining more popularity, are waste quantification, waste segregation, and the implementation of 3Rs (reduce, recycle, and reuse). Congested construction sites, sites in heavily built-up areas with no ability to have an alternate storage or staging location for materials, lack of ownership of waste due to the presence of multiple contractors on the construction site and lack of awareness and education among the construction workforce were regarded as major challenges associated with the implementation of waste minimization practices in India.


 * 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY **

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">**3.1** **Introduction** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">This section discusses about the methodology of the research. The main objective is to find out the most effective ways to solve the uncollecting garbage in residential areas. Besides, we also intended to investigate the reasons that lead to poor waste management in that residents area. Fur thermore, we also have the tendency to evaluate the impacts of poor waste management. Data for the research were collected through questionnaire that are sent by email.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">**3.2** **Respondents of the Study** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">The participants were the representative from each state of Municipal Council in Malaysia. The purpose of choosing Municipal Councils in Malaysia as research respondents is because they are the most suitable respondents for our study. If we selected the residents in Malaysia, there are too many people live in Malaysia and we will meet difficulty to get contact with them and set the number of respondents for this research. Other that, if we selected the Municipal Councils from other countries, they may be unable to provide accurate information for us since they don't have in-depth understanding with Malaysians and the culture of Malaysia. A total of twenty questionnaires were sent to different states of Municipal Councils in Malaysia through email.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">**3.3** **Research Instrume**** nts Used ** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">This research effectively applied only on quantitative research methodology. The instrument used to collect the data was questionnaire (Appendix A). A set of questionnaires containing five questions are developed. There are two different questions types which are ‘yes/no’ questions and listing question were used in the questionnaire. The questionnaire was piloted to a group of five students to evaluate its validity before it was distributed.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">**3.4** **Research** **Procedure** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Five questions were designed in questionnaire. A pilot study was carried out to assess the validity of the questionnaire before the actual data collection period. A total of five respondents were involved in this pilot study. The questionnaires were distributed at various place of the university. The respondents were able to answer the questions well without any doubt. Therefore, we assumed that the questionnaire was valid. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Next is our actual study. The questionnaires were distributed through emails to twenty administrative departments of Municipal Councils at 2 April 2012. We make a call to those responsible departments after we were sending the email to make sure that they will reply our email. The Municipal Councils that we choose to be our respondents are //Majlis Perbandaran Batu Pahat, Majlis Perbandaran Muar, Majlis Perbandaran Kulim, Majlis Perbandaran Langkawi Bandaraya Pelancongan, Majlis Perbandaran Kota Bharu Bandar Raya Islam, Majlis Perbandaran Malaka Bersejarah, Majlis Perbandaran Port Dickson, Majlis Perbandaran Kuantan, Majlis Perbandaran T//// aiping, Majlis Perbandaran Kangar, Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang, Majlis Perbandaran Seberang Perai, Majlis Perbandaran Sandakan, Majlis Perbandaran Kudat, Majlis Perbandaran Sibu, Majlis Perbandaran Kajang, Majlis Perbandaran Sepang, Majlis Perbandaran Subang Jaya, Majlis Perbandaran Kemaman and Majlis Perbandaran Dungun. // Within one week, we already got the replies from all of the respondents.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">**3.5** **Data Analysis** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">For analyzing the data of the study, charts were used to present the data that we collected. Before presenting the data, we organized, recorded and coded the data by using spreadsheet in Microsoft Excel. Then, the collected data were entered into the Microsoft Excel. Results were presented through charts using actual number and explanation of the charts was included. Hence, the charts were constructed based on the spreadsheet that had been formed.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">**3.6** **Conclusion** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">In a nutshell, we applied only quantitative research methodology during conducted our research. Next section would discuss about our research’s findings and its analysis.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">**4.0 FINDINGS**

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">**4.1 Problem Arises in Ta**** man University ** <span style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Nowadays, there are many environmental issues happened that will affect our life. One of them is garbage issue. Why we said like this? This is because we found that they are a lot of garbage around some of the streets of Taman University. The unpleasant smell come out from those garbage and it also make the streets looked messy, scattered and dirty. For example there are different types of garbage along the stress such as cigarette butts, soda cans, coffee cups, beer bottles, plastic bags, gum wrappers, snack wrappers, take-out food and beverage containers and various other items. Some of the garbage become messy and scattered because dogs and cats come to bite it after the residents put their wastes outside the house. It may carry germs and this situation will also attract the flies and bring diseases to residents. <span style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Besides, this condition will damage the image of Taman University as a clean area in Johor Bahru and even affect the healthy of residents who live near the streets. In addition, residents may feel uncomfortable and disgusting and they will also have high probability of getting diseases. This will lower their quality of life. The terrible smell stops people to walk through around there. Therefore, this problem has to be solved as soon as possible.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">**4.2 Effect/ Reason** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">The major contributor to polluted environment was from human activities since we can see that people always throw rubbish no matter where they go even w hen they are walking along the streets. First and foremost, the most important cause of polluted environment is there is insufficient dustbin at the street. Therefore, the responsible department must take action to manage that problem. However, the related body blame the people because they are too selfish when they stole the dustbin that are provided to them. Therefore it is not the related body's fault to not manage their works properly. In this case, we can see that people are like to complaint that there are a lot of uncollected garbage around them but they do not realized that they actually who are the major contributor to this problem. Besides that, from the analysis we found that most people lack of awareness and less educated about the effect of throwing rubbish at illegal area. This is because they simply throw rubbish wherever they want even though the dustbin is provided at that area.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">In addition, an unclean environment can cause a number of health problems because ecological changes have a direct impact on human health. For example, the rubbish thrown arbitrarily will attract flies and people can get all kinds of health problems from flies. People may get very sick from flies that live in the rubbish because they will fly and rest on food that they eat. The four main diseases influenced by poor environments are diarrhea, lower respiratory infections, various forms of unintentional injuries and malaria. Most of deaths from diarrhea and malaria, that is the two of the world's biggest childhood killers, could be prevented through better environment management. Therefore, we should preventing diseases through healthy environment.

<span style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Moreover, uncollected garbage would also cause to the pollution. For example, people are sometimes careless and throw rubbish such as bottles and crisp packets directly into rivers. It will cause pollution in which water plants and animals would be killed. Polluted water also carries diseases. This is because when animals drink the water, they may get diseases which can kill them. People can even get these diseases by eating the infecte d animal.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Furthermore, uncollected garbage on road is very dangerous because it would cause accident to the road users. When people drive through the road and they did not see the garbage that block the road, most probably accident would occur. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">From the discussion above, we can see that there are many effect if the garbage are not collected. It will not only affect our life, but it also affect our child and future generation's life. Thus, the immediate action must be taken into consideration in order to have safer environment to live.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">**4.3 Effective Ways**

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">4.3.1 Reschedule the Timetable of Collecting Garbage <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">One of the ways that municipal council can takes action is rescheduling the time table of collecting garbage in residential areas at Taman University. A s we know that, the responsible party will pick up the waste and garbage three times in a week. They collect the trash on Monday, Wednesday and Friday (Appendix C). From this finding, we discovered that there was a big gap between Friday and Monday. The residents of Taman University are unable to discharge their garbage regularly and sometimes there is high probability that the garbage become messy and scattered because the dogs and cats will come once the residents put their wastes outside the house. Therefore, we suggest that MPJBT should reschedule the timetable for collecting garbage from three times to four times in a week. By increasing the frequency of collecting rubbish, the problem of uncollecting rubbish and the scattered rubbish can be tackled. In addition, the MPJBT also need to set the fixed time to collect the garbage and give the acknowledgement to the residents of Taman University. For instance, the MPJBT can announce that they will start to pick up the rubbish from 7p.m. to 1a.m. on the pick-up date. Hence, the residents should placing their garbage and rubbish out before 7p.m. but not earlier than 6p.m. on their regularly schedule pick-up day. In short, the timetable of collecting garbage in a residential area is an important element to ensure that the trashes of residents are always being collected on time.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">4.3.2 Put More Dustbins <span style="color: #000000; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Besides that, MPJBT also can provide more dustbins to reduce the rubbish that did not collect in some others places that they might not aware before. Public areas usually are the main focus to MPJBT to solve it such as parks, streets, bridge, and shop nearby. It is also important to place dustbins alongside paths that residents are frequently walk. These are the places where normally can be found that rubbish is sprinkle surrounding the ground. With the fewer amount of dustbins, residents in Taman University sometimes will feel uncomfortable to take rubbish in hand while walking and there are no dustbin around them, they might just throw it away. Dustbins in outdoor locations or o ther busy public areas are usually mounted on the ground or floor. Even though dustbins can be found in public areas, but it just for a small amount. Hence, provide more dustbins so that people can found the dustbins whenever they want to throw their rubbish while shopping or on the way to go their next destination. This eventually can encourage residents in Taman University to avoid littering frequently, which will create an unhealthy and unpleasant aesthetically among social environment.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">4.3.3 Employ a Supervisor to Supervise the Workers <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Apart from that, provide supervisors to observe the workers during process collecting rubbish also is one of the way to solve the problems of uncollected rubbish. Rubbish problems sometimes not only caused by irresponsibility residents, sometimes it also can be due to workers themselves. Some of the workers lazy during conducting their job and may be will try to not collect rubbish in certain places. So, a supervisor is necessary by taking part to observe the process of workers during conducting their jobs. This is in order to avoid any workers who escape from their jobs of collecting rubbish. Supervisors need to observe all the times during the process of collecting rubbish, they need to ensure that workers do their job well during their shift times and the work is done according to the schedule that has been arranged by manager. The responsible supervisor need always to ensure that his workers finish their duty nicely and ensure that workers have supposed to do it and within acceptable levels of quality, costs and safety. If there is employee that lazy during his shift hours, supervisor needs to give warning to that particular worker. If not, he can also report to upper manager to decide whether fire the worker or not, or else, discuss about the action that available be taken against it. Actions on workers that do not done well their jobs is important in order to avoid any repeat things happened on workers to delayed their jobs. If there are no action taking on lazy and irresponsibility workers, workers might continued doing same things. So, taking action first before serious condition happened in future.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">4.3.4 Punishment/Penalty <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Last but not least, punishment is another of the effective way for controlling the problems that occurred at the residential area in Taman University. From the investigation, not only the MPJBT accountable to curb the problems, but also involved the residents themselves. Some of the residents are very not responsible and selfish. They did not throw the rubbish properly into the dustbin that had been provided. They like toss the rubbish at side of the dustbin as they lazy and scare walk to the dustbin since the place of putting dustbin is smelly and dirty. They throw the rubbish at far distance. Even worst, they just simply discharge and disposal their trashes at everywhere at anytime. Furthermore, some of the residents are placing their garbage out along whole week without following the pick-up day that had been set up. All these actions make a bit trouble to the workers of Waste Management Department of MPJBT when they carried out their duty. It is impossible to asking the workers to collect garbage that scattered around the ground due to time limitation as workers need to collect many waste disposals of residents in a short time. Thus, we suggested that the municipal council can set regulations or rules to the public as following:

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">a. Public should follow the hours for placing garbage and rubbish out for pick-up day. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">b. Littering is prohibited. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">c. All the garbage and rubbish must be put into dustbin that had been provided. No trash is placing outside or beside the dustbin

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">d. Each house or shop must be owned a dustbin that provided by the MPJBT and do not loss the dustbin. Report it if the dustbin being stolen.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Whoever violates or fails to comply with any of the provisions as provided is guilty of a minor misdemeanor and shall be fined not more than five hundred Ringgit Malaysia (RM500.00). A separate offense shall be deemed committed each day during or on which a violation or noncompliance occurs or continues.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">**5.0 ANALYSIS** <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Refer to Appendix C, Figure A shows the number of waste management complaint received monthly. From the bar chart, the highest number is between six and ten times that the waste management received the complaint in month, is 50 percent. However, the lowest number of complaint received is 16 times above which has only five percent. Thus, the problem of garbage is not serious in our country. Besides, figure B shows the reasons of waste management complaint. The factors are fewer dustbins, unstrict of regulations, irresponsible of residents and inconsistent time schedule. From the chart, the highest reason that cause the problem of garbage is irresponsible of residents which has 40 percent. The following reason is 30 percent which are inconsistent time schedule. After that, both reason of fewer dustbins and unstrict of regulations are incur the same amount (15 percent) that are cause received the waste management complaint.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Figure C shows the main effect for waste management problem. The effects are smelly, harm healthy and affect image of the state. The highest effect for waste management problem is smelly which incur 65 percent. However, the minimize effect is harm healthy, only 10 percent. Affect image of the state is moderate that is 25 percent. Furthermore, figure D shows the effective way to solve waste management problem. The ways are reschedule the timetable of collecting garbage, put more dustbins, employ a supervisor to supervise the workers and give punishment or penalty. The most effective ways to solve the problem of garbage is to give punishment which are 50 percent. Following is 25 percent, the ways is to employ a supervisor to supervise the workers. Next, the ways of putting more dustbins has 15 percent and the lowest is the ways of reschedule the timetable of collecting garbage (10 percent).


 * 6.0 CONCLUSION **

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">In conclusion, all of the representatives from each state of Municipal Council in Malaysia have been receiving waste management complaint from residents. However, the problem of garbage is not so serious, because it has moderate number of complaint received during a month.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Most of the representatives think that the main reason that causes the problem of garbage is irresponsible of the residents. On the other hand, for the effects of waste management, besides harmful to residents’ healthy and affect image of the states, the main effect of that problem is smelly. Smelly will make people get away of that place.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">The most effective ways to solve the problem of garbage is to give punishment or penalty to irresponsible residents who get used to throw rubbish wherever they like. This is the better ways to solve the problem compared to another ways such as reschedule the timetable of collecting garbage, put more dustbins and employ a supervisor to supervise their workers.

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Problem of garbage is an environmental issue that needs to be considered and solved even though it is not serious now. This is because it will bring the negative effects to residents even the state as the time move on.


 * 7.0 RECOMMENDATION **

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">MPJBT can start to take appropriate actions to solve the problem of uncollected garbage before it go to worse situation.

<span style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">There are a few suggestions that MPJBT can take which include rescheduling the timetable of collecting garbage, putting more dustbins, employing a supervisor to supervise workers and setting regulations or rules to the public.

<span style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">MPJBT is suggested to reschedule the timetable for collecting garbage from three times to four times in a week. Besides, the workers are suggested to come to collect garbage on regularly time mean that come on the fixed time. This is to enable residents to take out their garbage in proper time.

<span style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Besides, placing more dustbins alongside paths that residents will frequently walk through and public areas such as parks, streets, and shops is important as well. This is to avoid residents in Taman University to littering and they have no excuse to do it anymore with the enough number of dustbins placing in proper place.

<span style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Employing a supervisor is suggested because some of the workers are lazy to conduct their job and may be skip to collect garbage in certain places. The responsible of supervisor is to observe the process of workers during conducting of their job. For example supervisor ensures workers do their job well during their shift times and the work is done according to the schedule that has been arranged by manager. With the supervision, workers will not dare to escape from their job of collecting rubbish.

<span style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">Last but not least, punishment should be given to those irresponsible residents who do not throw the rubbish properly into the dustbin that has been providing. There are some regulations and rules are set to solve the problem. MPJBT can take it as a reference. <span style="background-color: white; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">We hope that MPJBT can solve the problem of uncollected garbage successfully with the information provided above.


 * REFERENCE **

<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">1. Mohammed Arif et. al. (2012). Construction waste management in India: an exploratory study. //Construction Innovation: Information, Process, Management//, 12 (2), pp. 133 – 155. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">2. Treloar, G. J. et. al. (2003). An analysis of factors influencing waste minimisation and use of recycled materials for the construction of residential buildings. //Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal//, 14 (1), pp. 134 – 145. <span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; text-align: justify;">3. Zia, H. and Devadas, V. (2007). Municipal solid waste management in Kanpur, India: obstacles and prospects. //Management of Environmental Quality: An International Journal,// 18 (1), pp. 89 – 108.


 * APPENDIXES **



<span style="display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 16px; height: 1px; left: 0px; line-height: 24px; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; position: absolute; text-align: justify; top: 7180.5px; width: 1px;">scattered